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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - structure and functions of the cell wall
Kukrálová, Simona ; Janďourek, Ondřej (advisor) ; Jílek, Petr (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Study program: Bioanalytical laboratory diagnostics in healthcare Candidate: Bc. Simona Kukrálová Supervisor: PharmDr. Ondřej Janďourek, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis - structure and functions of the cell wall Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen that causes a disease called tuberculosis, which, along with other selected diseases, is still one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. It is estimated that more than a million people succumb to the disease each year. The remarkable structure of the cell wall of mycobacteria has a great influence on the treatment of tuberculosis itself, together with the ever-increasing incidence of multidrug- resistant and extensively resistant strains, especially in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The research of mycobacteria is given great attention. Efforts to find new substances with antimycobacterial effect acting on individual components of the cell wall, preferably on the cell wall as a complex, are actual and are part of national as well as international programs. Theoretical part of this diploma thesis deals with current knowledge about mycobacteria with emphasis on cell wall, epidemiology of tuberculosis...
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Kampaně na eradikaci vybraných infekčních chorob ve Vietnamu s ohledem na socio-ekonomický a politický vývoj
Ostřanská, Simona
The topic of the bachelor's thesis is the political and socio-economic development of Vietnam and its impact on the epidemiological situation. The first part of the thesis describes the key determinants of political and socio-economic development and their influence on the epidemiological and demographic trends in Vietnam. This section also provides an overview of the regional and ethnic divisions within the country. The thesis then focuses on the epidemiological transition and the period of the Đổi Mới reforms and their effects on the healthcare system. The main section is dedicated to the epidemiological situation after the reunification of Vietnam and the analysis of the efforts to eliminate tuberculosis and measles, with a detailed examination of the implemented campaigns and obstacles for the process of elimination. Based on this section, the final chapter explores the theme of social inequality and the challenges faced by ethnic minorities in Vietnamese society.
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Nutritional therapy and eating habits of people with tuberculosis
Čadová, Andrea ; Špíralová, Veronika (advisor) ; Mudra, Roman (referee)
This thesis deals with the nutrition of adult tuberculosis patients. The main goal is to map the dietary habits of tuberculosis patients and also to assess the nutritional requirements of specific tuberculosis patients and to compare it with the actual food intake in a tuberculosis sanatorium. The theoretical part is focused on the history, current epidemiology, clinical presentation of the disease, diagnostic procedure and treatment options. It is also focused mainly on clinical nutrition and the latest nutritional recommendations in relation to tuberculosis disease. For this research, I chose a qualitative approach which was attended by ten adult respondents diagnosed with tuberculosis and treated at the Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Sanatorium Janov. The practical part is divided into two subchapters. The first of them is devoted to case reports, where all the basic information about the patients obtained from the medical records is summarized. Recommended total daily energy intake and macronutrients are individually calculated. This total daily energy intake is then compared with the energy intake from the home environment and with the energy intake in the sanatorium. Examples of individual menus are also included. In the second part, respondents' answers to questions asked in a...
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Natural compounds active against mycobacteria (review)
Kunáková, Martina ; Krátký, Martin (advisor) ; Vinšová, Jarmila (referee)
The main topic of the bachelor thesis is compounds isolated from natural sources, which contribute significantly to the discovery of new therapeutic methods in many medical problems. The aim of the work, was to focus specifically on those compounds that showed significant antimycobacterial activity against pathogens of the genus Mycobacterium, especially against M. tuberculosis. The theoretical part focuses on the genus Mycobacterium itself and its basic characteristics. In addition, the work also focused on the specific species causing the non-tuberculous forms of the disease and those behind the outbreak of tuberculosis in the human body. The last chapter of the theoretical part deals with tuberculosis and its brief description, together with the treatment and the issues related to development of drug resistance during treatment. In the following section, specific compounds that exhibit antimycobacterial activity and have the potential to be developed as new drugs are described. Keywords: aldehydes, alkaloids, antituberculotics, compounds of natural origin, cyanobacteria, essential oils, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacteria, naphthoquinones, resistance, steroid hormones, terpenes, triterpenes, tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis - re-established problem of European population
Jírová, Jitka
Tuberculosis - re-established problem of European population Abstract The main objective of this study is to collect data and to provide information about current tuberculosis burden on European population and to capture the most important trends in development of spreading the infection in the European region in the period 1995-2010. A typology of the countries of the European region is performed on the base of main features of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality in the period 2008-2010. Detailed analysis of level of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality for each region was based on available data. The study also presents the plans of major world and European organizations to eliminate spread of tuberculosis.
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Analýza problematiky infekčních onemocnění (tuberkulóza a HIV/AIDS) v Keni a Etiopii
Sedláčková, Jana
This bachelor thesis is to analysis the effects of the following infectious diseases, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, on the socio-economic development of Kenya and Ethiopia. The first part of the thesis describes what are infectious diseases and the general problems they pose to the society. The part continues to show the basic characteristics of the observed countries and gives an overview of the health care system in these countries. The second part of the thesis uses correlation analysis to find out the relationship between the following, incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV/AIDS on unemployment and Human Development Index and their effects on the socio-economic of Ethiopia and Kenya. The obtained results are thoroughly discussed with possible solutions to existing problems and recommendations made to combat the spread of infectious diseases and the improvement of the overall health care system in these two and other African countries. The preventive programs of both diseases of the given countries are also mentioned, as they prove to be one of the most suitable ways to limit the impact of these infectious diseases on the socio-economic development of Ethiopia and Kenya.
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Introduction of an invertebrate animal model, Galleria Galleria mellonellamellonella, to study the in vivo efficacy of existing and newly synthesized, candidate antituberculotics
Kubíček, Jiří ; Konečná, Klára (advisor) ; Němečková, Ivana (referee)
Charles university, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Study program: Pharmacy Author: Jiří Kubíček Supervisor: RNDr. Klára Konečná, Ph.D. Title of thesis: Introduction of an invertebrate animal model, Galleria mellonella, to study the in vivo efficacy of existing and newly synthesized, candidate antituberculotics. Background: The aim of this diploma thesis has been to present an invertebrate organism, Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella), Pyralidae, as an alternative, more economically advantegous and morally more acceptable model for in vivo studies of an antituberculotics (anti-TB) efficacy. In the experimental part of this work, attention was paid to the optimization of methodological steps, that should lead to a higher reproducibility and validity of the obtained data. The effect of the disaggregating supplement, tyloxapol, on the growth of Mycobacterium aurum (M. aurum) was evaluated. The growth of this microbial strain in the culture medium, Middlebrook 7H9, was also mapped to determine the exponential growth phase. In the second part of the experiments, G. mellonella larvae were infected with a M. aurum bacterial strain, followed by an administration of the selected, commercially available anti-TB. Methods: To map the exponential phase of M....
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In vitro screening of potential antimycobacterial compounds against fast growing strains of Mycobacterium genus
Židková, Lenka ; Janďourek, Ondřej (advisor) ; Jílek, Petr (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Study program: Specialist in Laboratory Methods Candidate: Bc. Lenka Lyčková Supervisor: PharmDr. Ondřej Janďourek, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: In vitro screening of potential antimycobacterial compounds against fast growing strains of Mycobacterium genus The aim of this work is to determine the efficacy of new compounds for possible treatment of tuberculosis in the future. A microdilution broth method with already proven procedure on Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium smegmatis strains was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of compounds. The theoretical part summarizes the epidemiological situation of recent years with global trends in the incidence and mortality of tuberculosis in the world and in the Czech Republic, including prospective plans for remediation in the time horizon. Mycobacteria are described in the main representation with M. tuberculosis. Tuberculosis disease - its history, forms, diagnosis and treatment with antituberculotics, which are divided according to the use lines, new drugs and drugs in development. The experimental part contains qualitative and quantitative methods of testing mycobacteria and captures the microdilution broth method used in...
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Trends in incidence of Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in years 2001-2020
Doležalová, Karolína ; Göpfertová, Dana (advisor) ; Skřičková, Jana (referee) ; Svatoň, Martin (referee)
Trends in incidence of tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis in children and adolescents in Czech republic in years 2001-2020 BCG vaccination programs were introduced into Czechoslovakia more than 60 years ago under an entirely different epidemiological situation than that of today. Compulsory mass BCG vaccination was abolished in November 2010 and changed to a selective vaccination program for infants at high risk of contracting tuberculosis. This work wants to ascertain the risk of tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in 10 years following the change of the vaccination program and a comparison with the same period of mass BCG vaccination. The design of this work is a descriptive study, comparison, and statistical analysis of data for the period 2001-2020 about cases of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis as reported in the Tuberculosis Register. The conclusions are that the trend of TB incidence in children in both compared periods is identical and statistically significantly decreasing (p <0,001). The trend of incidence of NTM cervical lymphadenitis in children is in the first period degressive and non-significant (p=0,561). However, in the second period, the trend is significantly increasing (p <0,001), in every, compared two subsequent years is an increase of 8 %....
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Pathogenesis of infectious disease caused by bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Doležalová, Klára ; Janďourek, Ondřej (advisor) ; Kovařík, Miroslav (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Study programme: Bioanalytical laboratory diagnostics in health care Author: Bc. Klára Doležalová Supervisor of diploma thesis: PharmDr. Ondřej Janďourek, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Pathogenesis of infectious disease caused by bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis The theoretical part of this diploma thesis is concerned about tuberculosis where the main part of the thesis is focused on pathogenesis of this disease. Tuberculosis is recognized as highly infectious disease leading to the total exhaustion of the organism. The main causative agent of the above mentioned disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transmitted to respiratory tract via inhalation of droplets from infected person and leads to the granuloma formation. For tuberculosis is typical a creation of granulomas, mainly with caseous necrosis. Highly important is accurate diagnosis and appropriately chosen treatment. The treatment consists of a long-term administration of antituberculotic drugs in combinations. The development of the resistance to one or more antituberculotics is adverse complication within the treatment procedure. The experimental part of this work pays attention to the testing of antimycobacterial activity...
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